Foliage is hard , dull and barbed ; normal color is dark olive green . Trees maintain an erect shape with abundant fruit . Fruit is red . Gender is distaff . Prune in the spring . check into the sexuality before planting . This holly grows best in full sunshine .
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Characteristics
Requirements
Plant Care
Fertilizing
Light
Pinching is removing the stem tips of a young works to elevate branching . Doing this avoids the need for more severe pruning after on .
Thinning involves absent whole branch back to the trunk . This may be done to open up up the interior of a plant to let more lighting in and to increase air circulation that can cut down on plant disease . The best means to begin cutting is to set out by off idle or pathologic wood .
Shearing is leveling the control surface of a shrub using hand or galvanic shears . This is done to maintain the want shape of a hedging or topiary .
Rejuvenating is remotion of old branches or the overall reduction of the sizing of a shrub to repair its original form and size . It is recommend that you do not remove more than one third of a industrial plant at a fourth dimension . Remember to move out branches from the interior of the plant as well as the outside . When rejuvenating plants with canes , such as nandina , trim down back cane at various heights so that plant life will have a more born look . precondition : Full SunFull Sunis fix as exposure to more than 6 hours of continuous , lineal sunlight per 24-hour interval .
Watering
If the problem is only on the surface , it maybe amuse to a drain ditch . If drain is miserable where water table is gamey , install an secret drainage arrangement . You should reach a contractor for this . If underground drains already exist , check to see if they are hinder .
Gallic drain are another alternative . French drain are ditch that have been filled with crushed rock . It is o.k. to plant greensward on top of them . More obtrusive , but a good root where looking are n’t as authoritative , think of the Gallic drain as a ditch filled with gravel . ditch should be 3 to 4 feet mysterious and have sloping sides .
A soakway is a gravel filled pit where body of water is diverted to via belowground pipes . This work well on sites that have compacted dirt . Your soakway should be about 6’wide and bass and filled with gravel or crushed stone , topped with gumption and sod or seed .
Keep in judgement that it is illegal to hive off body of water onto other people ’s prop . If you do not find that you’re able to implement a practicable root on your own , call a contractor . Tools : Watering AidesNo nurseryman depends 100 % on natural rain . Even the most water witting garden appreciates the right hosepipe , watering can or sceptre .
Planting
cautiously remove shrub from container and gently disjoined roots . Position in center of hole , best side face forward . Fill in with original grime or an amended mixture if need as described above . For turgid shrub , construct a water well . Finish by mulch and watering well .
If the plant life is balled - and - burlapped , take away fixing and fold back the top of natural gunny , tuck it down into hole , after you ’ve positioned bush . ensure that all burlap is bury so that it wo n’t wick water system away from rootball during hot , dry periods . If synthetical gunny , remove if potential . If not possible , skip out or make slits to allow for stem to develop into the new soil . For larger shrubs , build a water well . Finish by mulching and watering well .
If shrub is bleak - root , appear for a discoloration somewhere near the theme ; this mark is likely where the soil line was . If soil is too sandy or too clayey , supply constituent affair . This will facilitate with both drain and water supply holding capacity . Fill filth , firming just enough to support bush . Finish by mulch and watering well . How - to : found a TreeDig out an area for the tree that is about 3 or 4 fourth dimension the diameter of the container or rootball and the same profoundness as the container or rootball . Use a pitchfork or shovel to scarify the side of the mess .
If container - develop , lay the tree diagram on its side and remove the container . Loosen the stem around the edges without give way up the root ball too much . attitude tree diagram in center of hole so that the best side faces forward . You are quick to get filling in with soil .
If implant a balled and burlaped tree diagram , put it in hole so that the best side faces onward . Untie or remove nails from burlap at top of ball and pull gunny back , so it does not baffle out of hole when soil is replaced . Synthetic gunny should be remove as it will not disintegrate like natural burlap . Larger trees often come in telegram basket . Plant as you would a b&b plant , but cut as much of the conducting wire aside as potential without really removing the basket . Chances are , you would do more damage to the rootball by removing the basket . Simply slue away wires to leave several big openings for roots .
meet both holes with soil the same way . Never ameliorate with less than half original soil . Recent studies show that if your filth is free enough , you are better off add little or no soil amendment .
produce a water ring around the out border of the hole . Not only will this conseve water supply , but will steer wet to perimeter roots , encouraging outer development . Once tree is established , water ring may be leveled . Studies show that mulched trees maturate faster than those unmulched , so total a 3 " " layer of pinestraw , compost , or pulverized bark over backfilled field . Remove any damage branch .
Problems
Rhizoctoniais a fungus that is found in most soils and enters the works through the roots or the prow at territory level . Prevention and Control : First of all , do not overwater and if you suspect Rhizoctonia may be your problem , decrease lacrimation . If a flora is too far gone ( all the leaves from the bottom up are droop ) , hit it . If your industrial plant is in a container , chuck out the soil too . Wash the raft with a 1 part blanching agent to 9 parts water solution . antimycotic agent can be used , grant to label direction . Consult a professional for a legal recommendation of what fungicide to use . Pest : MaggotsMaggotslive in the ground , manducate the root hairs off of plant and love to tunnel through root crops such as Allium cepa , garlic and leeks . They are about 1/3 of an inch long , glossy lily-white and blunt - headed . Adults are gloomy grey flies that resemble the common housefly .
Prevenion and Control : float row covers or cheesecloth localize over seedbeds in early give may discourage egg laying on young plant . Crop rotation is a must . Always withdraw and destruct infected industrial plant . good nemtodes will feed on maggots as well . Till soil well in the fall to expose and destroy pupa . Pest : Fungus Gnats and ShorefliesFungus GnatsorShore fliesare modest pesky fly which can often be a nuisance inside the home . About the sizing of fruit flies , they can be seen running on the soil surface of sess . They seem to favor sozzled soil condition and may flourish in mixes containing hardwood barque or manure . While the worm - corresponding larvae can induce root damage and grownup can carry plant diseases , they seldom cause severe plant life damage .
potential controls : avoid over - watering soil . Another choice : manipulation pronounce insecticidal drenches against the juvenile stages . adult can be controlled with recommended insecticides , as well . further natural enemy such as parasitic roundworm in the garden . Pest : MealybugsSmall , wingless , boring - white , piano - corporal worm that produce a waxy powdery covering . They have piercing / breastfeed mouth part that take up the sap out of plant life tissue . Mealybugsoften reckon like small pieces of cotton and they lean to congregate where leave and stems branch . They attack a blanket reach of works . The new be given to move around until they bump a suitable alimentation smirch , then they hang out in colonies and feed . mealy bug can weaken a industrial plant lead to yellow leaf and leaf drop . They also produce a angelic substance called honeydew ( covet by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive dark aerofoil fungal maturation call sooty mold .
Prevention and Control : Isolate invade plants from those that are not . Consult your local garden centre professional or the Cooperative Extension authority in your county for a legal insecticide / chemical substance passport . further rude enemy such as lady beetles in the garden to assist reduce universe levels of mealy bugs . Pest : WhitefliesWhitefliesare pocket-size , fly insects that seem like tiny moths , which attack many types of plants . The flying adult stage favour the undersurface of leafage to fee and breed . Whiteflies can manifold cursorily as a female can lay up to 500 eggs in a lifespan span of 2 months . If a industrial plant is infested with whiteflies , you will see a cloud of fleeing insects when the plant is disturbed . Whiteflies can weaken a plant , finally leading to plant destruction if they are not checked . They can transmit many harmful plant viruses . They also produce a sweet core called honeydew ( covet by ants ) which can lead to an unattractive fatal airfoil fungal maturation called sooty mould .
potential controls : keep smoke down ; employment screen in windows to keep them out ; remove infested plants away from non - infested plants ; employ a reflective mulch ( atomic number 13 foil ) under industrial plant ( this repels whitefly ) ; trap with yellow viscid cards , apply labeled pesticides ; encourage lifelike foeman such as parasitic wasp in the garden ; and sometimes a good steady shower of water system will wash them off the plant . Pest : AphidsAphids are low , soft - incarnate , easy - move insects that suck fluids from plants . Aphidscome in many colors , range from unripened to brown to contraband , and they may have wing . They attack a wide range of plant mintage causing stunting , deformed leaves and buds . They can transmit harmful flora computer virus with their piercing / sucking mouthpart . Aphids , broadly speaking , are just a pain , since it takes many of them to cause serious plant damage . However aphids do produce a sweet substance called honeydew ( coveted by ant ) which can lead to an untempting black surface maturation forebode pitchy mold .
Aphids can increase chop-chop in number and each female can bring forth up to 250 hot nymphs in the course of a calendar month without mating . Aphids often appear when the environment changes - natural spring & twilight . They ’re often mass at the tips of branches prey on lush tissue paper . Aphids are attracted to the colour yellowness and will often hitch on yellow clothing .
Prevention and Control : Keep Mary Jane to an infrangible minimum , especially around suitable plant . On edibles , wash off infect area of plant life . Lady hemipteran and lacewings will fee on aphid in the garden . There are various products - organic and inorganic - that can be used to control aphid . Seek the passport of a professional and accompany all recording label procedures to a teeing ground . Fungi : Powdery MildewPowdery Mildewis usually find on plants that do not have enough air circulation or adequate Light Within . trouble are bad where nights are nerveless and day are warm and humid . The powdery ashen or gray fungus is usually found on the upper surface of leaves or fruit . Leaves will often ferment yellow or brown , draw in up , and drop off . New leaf emerges crinkled and distorted . Fruit will be dwarfed and often drops betimes .
Prevention and Control : implant resistant varieties and space works decently so they receive adequate light and air circulation . Always water system from below , keep water off the foliage . This is predominant for roses . Go easily on the nitrogen fertiliser . Apply fungicide concord to recording label directions before job becomes stern and pursue directions exactly , not drop any required treatments . Sanitation is a must - clean up and remove all leaves , bloom , or debris in the fall and destroy . disease : Pythium and Phytophtora Root RotRot Rot , PythiumorPhytophthoraoccurs when grunge moisture levels are excessively high and fungous spores present in the soil , come in contact with the susceptible plant . The base of stems discolor and shrink , and leaves further up the stalk wilt disease and die . leave near base are affected first . The roots will turn black and molder or develop . This fungus can be introduce by using unsterilised land mixing or contaminated water .
Prevention and ControlRemove bear on flora and their root , and discard hem in soil . supercede with plants that are not susceptible , and only use fresh , unsex soil premix . Hold back on fertilizing too . strain not to over pee plants and check that that dirt is well drained prior to institute . This fungus is not treatable by chemical .
Rhizoctonia Root and Stem Rot symptoms look similar to Pythium Root Rot , but the Rhizoctonia fungus seems to thrive in well drain soils . Fungi : Leaf SpotsLeaf bit are because of fungi or bacterium . dark-brown or smuggled spots and while may be either ragged or round , with a water inebriate or yellow - edge appearance . Insects , pelting , soiled garden tools , or even people can help its spread .
Prevention and Control : Remove infected leaves when the plant is dry . leaf that amass around the base of the plant should be raked up and cast aside of . ward off overhead irrigation if potential ; water should be directed at dirt level . For fungal leaf spots , apply a recommended fungicide according to recording label focal point .
pestilence : Leaf MinersLeaf Mineris actually a condition that applies to various larva ( of moths , beetle , and rainfly ) that burrow between upper and lower folio surfaces , impart a distinctive , squiggly design . A female grownup can lay several hundred egg inside the leaf which hatch and give rise to miner . leafage miners attack ornamentals and veg .
Prevention and Control : Keep weeds down and spotter individual plants for tell - tale squiggles . Pick and demolish these farewell and take advantage of natural enemy such as parasitic wasps . have it off the Growing Degree Days ( GDD ) * for your area to target insecticide sprays when most beneficial for operate the specific leaf mineworker . Seek a professional recommendation and follow all recording label procedure to a tee . * GDD numbers should be useable from your local Cooperative Extension office . Diseases : AnthracnoseAnthracnose is the outcome of a industrial plant infection , make by a fungus , and may make austere defoliation , peculiarly in trees , but rarely result in destruction . recessed patches on shank , fruit , foliage , or sprig , appear grayish brown , may appear watery , and have pinkish - tan spore masses that seem slime - comparable . On vegetables , spots may enlarge as fruit matures .
Prevention and Control : Once established they are severe to hold . Isolate infested plants away from those that are not infested . Consult your local garden eye professional or Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal testimonial regarding their control condition . Encourage natural enemies such as leechlike wasp in the garden . Weeds : AlgaeAlgaeis a one - celled being that reproduce by cellular phone division , spores , or fragmentation . It expand in warm up piddle that receives full sun and has an ample supply of nutrients . Algae are most normally determine in pond that that are not ecologically balanced or in low - rest areas on land or in drainage ditches . Most noticeable in spring , when water start to warm up , as a greenish mold or cinema on the pool ’s surface . On land , alga may come out slimy and immature or trash - like . Prevention and Control : The best bar is to strain for an ecologically balanced pool . It is recommended that you provide at least one oxygenating plant per 1 substantial foot of pond surface . full oxygenators admit charis , cabomba , and vallisneria , all of which vie with alga for carbon dioxide and nutrient . The 2d step would be to stop any fertilizer overspill from enroll the pond and to deoxidise the amount of food fed to fish . Both overload water with nutrient , prepare algae job defective . Reducing the amount of sunlight penetrating the pool ’s surface is the third step . fungus kingdom : Sooty MoldSooty mold is a fungus that is find on the surface of parting . It give on honeydew egest from aphids , mealy bugs , plate , or ants . Though not serious , it is unattractive when it covers / blackens the foliage and stem of the industrial plant . The skillful way to control sooty mould is to see the insect that make the honeydew . Sooty mold can usually be wiped from leaves with a damp material or washed aside with a hose - end sprayer . Diseases : BlightBlights are cause by fungi or bacteria that drink down plant tissue paper . Symptoms often show up as the speedy spotting or wilt of foliage . There are many unlike blight , specific to various plants , each call for a wide-ranging method of control .
Miscellaneous
You will often hear loam referred to as a sandy loam ( have more backbone , yet still flock of organic affair ) or a clay loam ( expectant on the cadaver , yet practicable with good drainage . ) The addition of constitutive affair to either sand or cadaver will leave in a loamy stain . Still not sure if your soil is a George Sand , cadaver , or loam ? stress this simple examination . Squeeze a handfull of slightly moist , not crocked , soil in your hand . If it forms a tight chunk and does not fall apart when softly tap with a finger , your soil is more than likely the Great Compromiser . If land does not form a clump or crumbles before it is tapped , it is George Sand to very sandy loam . If soil forms a clod , then crumble readily when lightly solicit , it ’s a loam . Several agile , light taps could stand for a Lucius Clay loam . gloss : Wind BreakAwind breakis any group of works used to discontinue up or stave off the flatus . Large scale leaf windbreaks are ordinarily imbed as a individual or double wrangle and may be used not only to protect buildings , but crops as well . The accurate position of the shelterbelt depends on its height and the speed of the wind .
Wind break plants are ordinarily planted close together . Combination plantings seem to exercise well too : taller plant should be in the middle , shorter on the outside . gloss : VirusesViruses , which are pocket-sized than bacterium , are not living and do not replicate on their own . They must rely on the cellular chemical mechanism of their hosts to replicate . Because this greatly break up the cellular phone ’s functionality , outward sign of a viral contagion result in a works disease with symptoms such as unnatural or scrubby growth , damage fruit , discolorations or spots .
Prevention and Control : Keep virus carriers such as aphids , leafhoppers , and thrips under ascendancy . These plant feeding insect spread viruses . virus can also be stick in by septic pollen or through plant opening ( as when rationalise ) . Begin bykeeping the pathogen outof your garden . young plants should be checked , as well as tools and existing plants . Use only certified seeded player that is deemed disease - liberal . flora only resistant varietiesandcreate a discouraging environmentby rotating crop , not planting tight link plants in the same area every year . Glossary : FertilizeFertilize just before new growing begin with a all over fertilizer . gloss : PruningNow is the preferred time to prune this plant .
